Taken from Birmingham Councils newlsetter to hc and ph trade:
PASSENGERS REFUSING TO PAY
There are two very similar offences to consider given the case of a
passenger refusing to pay :
1. Bilking, officially known as 'making off without
payment', is by definiton : 'knowing that a service
is done (or goods supplied) you dishonestly made
off without having paid as required or expected
and with intent to avoid payment'. Contrary to
sections 3(1) and 4 of the Theft Act 1968.
This is straightforward to prove. If the passenger
makes off without paying, then as long as he/she
is 'of sound mind' there should be no problem
proving he/ she knew that payment was due at
the destination. They would have difficulty
throwing any other defence into the equation like
'i forgot to pay' , because one would imagine the
driver would not forget to ask or shout after the
passenger if they made off.
2. Obtain 'Services by Deception' which is
arrestable - meaning the police officer can arrest
at the time or at a later date. This is not limiting.
The definition is : ' by deception you dishonestly
obtain services from another and it is obtained
where the other is induced to confer a benefit on
the understanding it has been, or will be,
paid for'.
This requires a further element of proof, namely
that the passenger's actions are pre-meditated, ie
they had no intention of paying from the start of
the journey.
In view of the fact that the penalties are very similar
(see below), I would imagine that any police officer
dealing with the incident would crime the matter as'Making off without payment' (bilking) given the
burden of proof.
However, if the passenger is still in the taxi when the
police officer arrives and is still refusing to pay then
the offence disclosed is suspicion of deception as
pre-meditation would appear the case, especially if
the passenger has grossly insufficient funds to pay
the fare.
Before bilking was amended in 2002 by Section 48
of the Police Reform Act, bilking was 'not arrestable'
unless 'found committing'. The police officer
attending could only arrest if the offence was
happening in front of him/her., ie found committing.
A lot of the time this would not be the case. The
passenger had either 'long gone' or was still present
refusing to pay. Deception is arrestable. So
previously it would make sense to deal as per
suspicion of deception. This would enable arrest to
be made and from the Police perspective makes
dealing with the matter and enquiries easier. Now
that bilking is arrestable and easier to prove,
depending on the circumstances, the Police can be
more effective in dealing with the matter.
Those are the considerations with regard to arrest.
For reasons already stated, if the offender has
already run off then the matter would be dealt with
as a bilking in the first instance.There seems little
point in trying to prove the deception. The penalty
at Magistrates Court is the same (see below). The
offences are triable either way, meaning they can
both be committed to Crown Court, but the
likelihood of this happening is very slim. That is
where the potential penalties differ (see below), but
even if that were to happen penalties in practice are
still similar.
Penalties :
Both are triable either way. If heard at Magistrates
Court - penalties are the same for both : 6 months
imprisonment / fine not exceeding the statutory
maximum, ie £5000.
If indicted, bilking carries 2 years, Deception carries
5 years.
Actions drivers can take :
You (the driver) should phone the police. You can
lock the car and/or transport the passenger to a
police station, but if you choose to do so you must
be aware you are making a citizen’s arrest. You need
to be clear on the offence you are arresting for and
tell the offender you are taking this action.You have
the right to arrest an offender committing an
arrestable offence. In order to do so you can use
reasonable force. This, in broad terms means you
can only use force if the offender is resisting, and
can only use sufficient force to apprehend. This is
quite complicated and subjective- be aware that if
force has to be used I advise do not do so. Firstly you
run the risk of injury to yourself and damage to your
vehicle, and secondly, if you injure the passenger,
you could be prosecuted for assault. You have to
account for the amount of force used. Given the
offence is not a serious one it is not worth trying to
use reasonable force. If it gets to that stage let
the offender make off and report the matter
subsequently.
http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/Media/Driv ... 202005.pdf